STRATA

: Bernoulli Numbers: Development and Applications; Sums of powers of integers arise in integration and in areas of probability. Patterns within these sums of powers gave rise to a series of numbers named Bernoulli Numbers. These numbers are useful in determining other closed forms of sums of powers as well as in determining certain probabilities.

: Bicycle Powered Generator; The purpose of this project is to design a bicycle-powered system to generate electricity for off-grid users. The system consists of a bicycle, a generator wired to a charge controller, 12 volt deep cycle battery, and an inverter. A charge controller controls current going into the battery. Lastly, the inverter converts 12 volt DC into alternating current (AC) which can be used for house appliances. The electric power produced will be determined by generator size, gear ratio of the bike, time of operation, and how long and hard a person wants to work out. This bike-powered generator system is designed to provide at least 60 watt-hours of usable power per hour of riding time, while being comfortable, quiet, and small enough to be easily portable. The total bike generator system without the bike should not cost over $400. The system as designed is capable of lighting a 13 watt compact fluorescent bulb for four hours per day.

: Binary Variable Star Algol; The binary star Algol is one of the most famous eclipsing binary stars in our night sky. Algol is useful because of its clockwork dimming every 2.87 days. This creates a frequent opportunity collect data using UBVRI filters during the primary eclipse, secondary eclipse, and non-eclipsing phases. Using the blackbody formula, a theoretical model of the number of counts for each filter and phase was created. When compared with the observed number of counts for each phase, I was able to calculate a unique temperature and radius for the two stars.

: Biogas in Ecuadorian Highlands; The acquisition and use of biomass fuels for heating and cooking presents a ubiquitous problem for the majority of people on three continents. Inefficient cooking and heating practices (wood burns at 5-8% efficiency and cow dung at 3-5%) not only pollute the home but deplete biomass resources and require increasing amounts of time and energy for fuel acquisition. These factors challenge the sustainability of local and global environments as well as the health and economic prosperity of vast numbers of people in the developing world. In response to these issues, Fort Lewis College students have designed and built four biogas digester prototypes and completed a design for a biogas digester based on the research and results of experiments conducted at Fort Lewis College was developed for use in Chimborazo Ecuador. The recommended design is a 7000 liter balloon style biogas plant constructed using ferrocement. The design includes a construction plan that includes estimated cost of construction as well as operation and maintenance of the system. The financial cost of the digester is an estimate of the cost to purchase the required materials in Ecuador. Biogas utilization for cooking, and for the production of anaerobically digested manure is a unique and realizable opportunity for a vast number of people and communities in both the developing and developed world. Positive impacts are possible in terms of quality of life (reduced time for fuel collection, reduced fuel costs, and improved sanitation, increased crop yields), improved health (reduced indoor smoke from clean burning biogas), economic savings and/or earnings (eliminates need for purchasing traditional fertilizers and creates an opportunity to sell excess manure generated by digesters), and environmental responsibility (utilizes renewable resource and enhances soil fertility).

: Bird; Poem by Katie Armstrong, published in the Fall 2010/Winter 2011 edition of Images.

: Bristol Bay, Alaska: A Region Full of Water: A Culture, and Way of Life at the Fate of Pebble Mine; The Bristol Bay region of Alaska has had a sustaining salmon fishery for thousands of years. The area is filled with different Alaskan wild animals, the people of the region have this unique culture like no other, and the amount of freshwater in the region is only dreamed of in the Western United States. The proposed Pebble Mine, the largest proposed open pit mine in the world, would be built at the headwaters of the largest salmon fishery in the world. In this paper I focus on how water is becoming a scarce resource globally and also the connection of head streams and down streams of a watershed, focusing on the Bristol Bay watershed. Members of the region contribute to my research showing their value towards water and also are able to give their thoughts on some aspects of the proposed Pebble Mine. If contamination of our precious resource, water, occurs, the region will be a distant memory, a culture, civilization, and way of life vanished and what was once beautiful is replaced with tailings ponds holding 10 billion tons of toxic waste and an ugly, monstrous open pit, all of which will be there in perpetuity.

: Broaddus - Consent Form; Consent form for "The Effect of Fault Gouge On Fluid Flow, Lisbon Valley, UT" by Carson Broaddus

: Broaddus - Consent Form; Consent form for "The Impact of Facies Heterogeneity on Fluid Storage and Transport in the Lower Burro Canyon Formation, Lisbon Valley, Utah" by Connor Broaddus

: Broaddus et al - Consent Form

: Bullies Beware: Benefits of the Boys and Girls Club; This paper examines the history and positive impact of the Boys and Girls Club of America. By empowering youth with leadership skills, academic achievements, and development of respect, members at Club are involved in a nurturing environment. This gives members the opportunity to acquire pro social skills while being in a safe environment. Youth involved in community after school programs are able to better navigate social skills of society and be less likely to be isolated and or manipulated by bullies. Members of the LaPlata Boys and Girls Club incorporate positive communication and interactions between themselves and leaders. The leaders realize bullying incidences must be identified and diminished before they are able to escalate. Opening in 2006, LaPlata BGC began sponsorship with United Way, LaPlata Electric, and local individuals providing members with the resources to develop leadership and academic skills. The Club also encourages members to develop respect and empathy for others and respect for themselves. Partnering with Sears has allowed the BGC to be involved with the national Stop Bullying program. Membership in The Club, gives youth the feeling of ownership of their facility, sense of security, and skills to enlist help if and when they experience bullying. In 2012, 270 members were involved in programs to promote good character and citizenship. At the end of the year, surveys were conducted and revealed; 75% felt they had gained leadership, and 93% reported treating others with respect was important. These results reveal members ability to incorporate positive behavior, leadership skills, and positively impact lives with the end goal of reducing those being bullied and bullying occurrences.

: Butterfly Species Richness and Abundance in Relation to Fire Treatments in Warm, Dry, Mixed Conifer in Southwestern, Colorado, USA; Due to European settlement during the 20th century, fire regimes were disrupted and the increase in forest regeneration has resulted in a present state of dense, low sweeping canopies of mesic species that create horizontal and vertical fuel complexes that aid in the spread of severe wildfires (Korb et al., 2012). Specific restoration treatments can alter the microclimate of an environment. Species such as butterflies (order Lepidoptera), can be used as an indicator species to quantify the effects of forest restoration treatments on microclimate changes. Butterflies are an ideal indicator species because they are sensitive to environmental conditions. Thin/burn forest restoration treatment areas will have the highest butterfly species richness and abundance because increased understory plant productivity and altered warmer micro-climates. In addition, we also hypothesize that butterfly richness and abundance will be highest during the peak of the growing season (July) in all treatments due to peak plant productivity

: C-H Insertion Of Diazoglycines - A Novel Approach To Unnatural Amino Acids; Metal carbenoids are useful intermediates capable of highly enantioselective C-H activations and cyclopropanation reactions among others. However, diazo compounds such as diazo glycines possessing a flanking nitrogen atom, apart from nitro groups, have not been reported. Progress toward the challenging synthesis of diazoglycines will be reported. A number of synthetic approaches particularly with regard to introduction of the diazo function were screened.

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